Python math function

import math

Common Math Functions

Square root: math.sqrt(x) returns the square root of x.

import math
print(math.sqrt(16))  # Output: 4.0

Power: math.pow(x, y) returns x raised to the power of y.

import math
print(math.pow(2, 3))  # Output: 8.0

1.Basic Arithmetic Functions

• math.ceil(x): Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.
• math.floor(x): Returns the largest integer less than or equal to x.
• math.fabs(x): Returns the absolute value of x.
• math.factorial(x): Returns the factorial of x, where x is a non-negative integer.

import math

print(math.ceil(4.2))    # Output: 5
print(math.floor(4.8))   # Output: 4
print(math.fabs(-5.3))   # Output: 5.3
print(math.factorial(5)) # Output: 120

2. Power and Logarithmic Functions

• math.exp(x): Returns e raised to the power of x.
• math.log(x[, base]): Returns the logarithm of x to the given base. If no base is specified, returns the natural logarithm (base e).
• math.log10(x): Returns the base-10 logarithm of x.
• math.pow(x, y): Returns x raised to the power of y.

import math
print(math.exp(1))       # Output: 2.718281828459045
print(math.log(10))      # Output: 2.302585092994046 (natural logarithm)
print(math.log(100, 10)) # Output: 2.0 (base-10 logarithm)
print(math.log10(100))   # Output: 2.0
print(math.pow(2, 3))    # Output: 8.0

3.Trigonometric Functions

• math.sin(x): Returns the sine of x radians.
• math.cos(x): Returns the cosine of x radians.
• math.tan(x): Returns the tangent of x radians.
• math.asin(x): Returns the arc sine of x, in radians.
• math.acos(x): Returns the arc cosine of x, in radians.
• math.atan(x): Returns the arc tangent of x, in radians.
• math.atan2(y, x): Returns atan(y / x), in radians. The result is between -pi and pi.

import math
print(math.sin(math.pi / 2))  # Output: 1.0
print(math.cos(0))            # Output: 1.0
print(math.tan(math.pi / 4))  # Output: 0.9999999999999999 (which is close to 1.0)
print(math.asin(1))           # Output: 1.5707963267948966 (which is π/2)
print(math.acos(1))           # Output: 0.0
print(math.atan(1))           # Output: 0.7853981633974483 (which is π/4)
print(math.atan2(1, 1))       # Output: 0.7853981633974483 (which is π/4)

4.Hyperbolic Functions

• math.sinh(x): Returns the hyperbolic sine of x.
• math.cosh(x): Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x.
• math.tanh(x): Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x.

import math
print(math.sinh(0))   # Output: 0.0
print(math.cosh(0))   # Output: 1.0
print(math.tanh(0))   # Output: 0.0

Constants

The math module also provides some useful mathematical constants:

• math.pi: The value of π (pi), approximately 3.14159.
• math.e: The value of e (Euler's number), approximately 2.71828.

import math
print(math.pi)  # Output: 3.141592653589793
print(math.e)   # Output: 2.718281828459045

How to use 

Here is an example that uses a combination of these functions to solve a practical problem.

Suppose we want to calculate the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle given the lengths of the other two sides using the Pythagorean theorem:

import math

# Lengths of the other two sides
a = 3
b = 4

# Calculating the hypotenuse
c = math.sqrt(math.pow(a, b) + math.pow(b, b))

print(f"The length of the hypotenuse is {c}")  # Output: 18.35

This is just a brief overview. The math module includes many more functions, such as those for handling special functions, angle conversion, and complex numbers.

For a comprehensive list, you can refer to the official Python documentation for the math module.